The
clarification of Cuban Missiles is an analysis and a great example n
governmental-decision making studies. Researchers
studies brought three new theories at which investigators are supposed explain
events. 1) Rational actor model. 2) The organizational behavior model. 3) The
governmental politics model. To explain
his three new concepts researchers put in his work three questions and these
are: What made Russia decide and bring offensive missiles in Cuba? What made
the United States reply to it with a blockade? What made Russia pull back the
missiles?
The
rational actor model is clarified by the idea that governments are principal
actors. Governments set rules, evaluates them, and keep in use the best of
their interests. We have learned that interest is what an actor wants to
accomplish over his political action. Especially in international relations an actor
has an interest in security that is to protect the country and its people from
any attack.
John
F. Kennedy, in 1961, said that the Soviet Union lied about having a great
number of ballistic and nuclear missiles. In reply Nikita Khrushchev who was a
leader of Russia in 1963 ordered ballistic missiles with a range of about 1000
km in a communist country like Cuba. Researchers saw it as a great opportunity
to scare and maybe easily defeat Kennedy seeing and taking advantage of his disappointment
to back up the Bay of Pigs attack. In
addition, President Kennedy and his Executive committee chose to blockade Cuba
that is for Russia to back off believing that nuclear war brings destruction of
both countries. Russia had no other option but obey the USA’s order by removing
their nuclear missiles from Cuba.
We
have different type of actors in our international community. In the story of
Cuban missiles we see two states the USA and Russia (the administration of
Kennedy and Russia). Kennedy of the USA and Nikita of Russia are individuals
who signify political actors or better say crucial actors in their own rights. I
have learned that actors are apprehended to require something called personal
or collective security as an important goal to maintain power as well as
dominate others for survival.
Researchers’
theory of evolution and human aggressions explains human’s natural desire to
battle for survival. I see aggression a
way of how a human act? According to researchers, it is a mixture of
environment or other things. Humans to survive prevent a competitor from
becoming powerful as well. On the other
hand evolution is understood of humans’ development on planet. Humans’
evolution is a method of change through time and” what we really are today?
Researchers give lots of facts about living things have a very long history.
Reading
researchers’ theory on human aggression helps me apprehend Cuban missile and the
USA’ policy very harmful to another state like Russia as a result the possibility
of using military force to change it is an impact for the USA to show its
superpower as well. The Hobbesian tradition describes international relations
as a state of war of all against all, an arena of struggle in which each states
is pitted against every other. Hobbes believes that humans are egotistic. This
means that the weakest person can kill the strongest and vice versa for competition,
material possessions, distrust, and power so that people keep on seeing each
other aggressive to show their reputation as the USA showed with Cuban missiles. Humans for centuries have
found themselves in conflict and war over goods, power, and interests. The USA saw ballistic missiles a great threat
to its interests in the area. I see Cuban missiles a preventive war and an
intention of USA from becoming stronger in the future.
Moreover,
a researcher named Richard Ned Lebow, explains cognition and stress as great
factors in making personal decision. For example the USA’ decision on Cuban
missiles by forcing Soviet to take away ballistic missiles from Cuba for the
USA to pursue its policy and reinforce the safety of territory and its people
as well.
Cognition
explains that actors are unaware and aware of many things and shows their
behavior and emotions. According to the word of theorists Janis and Mann stress
can facilitate good decision making but only under circumstances so specific
that they are not likely to recur very often. Decision-making is a critical
thinking and a decision whether to act or pick a choice. The psychological
perspective on decision-making appears to be the most relevant by virtue of the
insights is offers into the causes and effects of misperception. Decision
making is a lot of stress but it brings sometimes success for one actor and on
the other hand failure for another one for example Russia.
In
fact, the Cuban missiles can be explained the USA’s strong desire to
misperceive relation with Russia and separation from each other. The USA’s
misperception of Russia was nearby as imprecise as the Russian misperception of
the U.S.A. The stress is what forced the
USA find itself fearful by Russia’s nuclear weapons in Cuba and therefore
become aggressive to it.
Also,
the Cuban missiles explain the emotional consequences as well allowing one
actor to overpower for example the USA or dominate another actor like Russia. Actors
do have to be aggressive to a point so that they can create a strategy to win
for example the USA in Cuban missile. The theory of cognitive consistency
concludes that actors are guided by a need of consistency and the motivation to
evade conflict along with the desire to pursue glory as Cuban missiles.
According
to researchers the human mind is particularly adept at developing defenses
against information or impulses that threaten the attainment of important goals
or the personality structure itself. In
Cuban missiles for actors to be defensive is the refusal in believing and
accepting the reality that nuclear weapons were places in Cuba and near the
USA. Being defensive is to lessen
anxiety, and other forms linked with it.
Anxiety occurs from worst situation for example Cuban missiles and it is
ego which eliminates it.
Lastly,
according to researchers repression produces chronic anxiety, all or part of
which is usually outside of conscious awareness. Actors use some type of
defense tools whether they are conscious of unconscious such as repression which
is an experience that they don’t have emotions towards it. For example Russia
removed nuclear weapons from Cuba at being hopeless. Repression also is actors
thought by eliminating conflict in our case the USA’s desire to eliminate
conflict in Cuban missiles.
Ardiana Xhafa
U.S.A Journalist
